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The Marathon Machine: A Comprehensive Analysis of Performance Degradation and Hardware Fatigue in Continuously Operated Computers

Introduction: The Computer as a Human Analogue

The question of whether to shut down a computer or leave it running is a perennial debate in the digital age. Users often frame this question through a human-centric lens: does a computer, like a person, suffer from fatigue after prolonged periods of wakefulness? This analogy, while not scientifically precise, provides a surprisingly effective framework for understanding the complex degradation processes that affect computing systems. The decline in a computer's function over extended uptime can be bifurcated into two distinct, yet interconnected, phenomena, mirroring the difference between mental exhaustion and physical aging in a biological organism. The first category can be termed "Cognitive Fatigue," representing the gradual, reversible degradation of the software environment. This is a decline in the operating system's performance, stability, and responsiveness caused by the accumulation of logical errors, wasted resources, and digital clutter within its active memory state. Much like mental fatigue in a human can be cured by a good night's sleep, this form of system degradation is entirely reversible with a proper "rest"—a complete reboot of the system. The second category is "Physical Exhaustion," which represents the irreversible physical wear and tear on the electronic components that constitute the machine. This is a process of physical aging, governed by the laws of physics and chemistry, and is significantly accelerated by the thermal and electrical stresses inherent in continuous operation. This is akin to the long-term physical toll that chronic stress and lack of rest take on a human body, leading to a shortened lifespan. This report will provide an exhaustive analysis of these two fundamental forces. The first is software entropy, the inherent tendency of a complex, dynamic software system to move from a state of order to disorder over time. This includes the insidious accumulation of memory leaks, the structural decay of Random Access Memory (RAM) through fragmentation, and the clutter of orphaned or "zombie" processes. The second is physical decay, the inevitable degradation of hardware components at a microscopic level. This process is driven by the constant thermal and electrical load of an always-on state, which accelerates material fatigue mechanisms such as electromigration in semiconductors and the aging of capacitors. While modern computer hardware and operating systems are engineered for remarkable uptime and resilience, this analysis will demonstrate that indefinite continuous operation without periodic, complete resets leads to a predictable and measurable decline in both short-term performance and long-term hardware lifespan. This report will dissect the underlying mechanisms of this decline, from the logical constructs of the operating system down to the atomic-level physics of semiconductor failure, providing a definitive answer to the question of what happens when the marathon machine is never allowed to rest.

Section 1: The Illusion of Rest in Modern Operating Systems

To understand the effects of long-term operation, one must first deconstruct the modern user's concept of "shutting down" a computer. Contemporary operating systems, particularly Microsoft Windows, have prioritized rapid startup times over the traditional, complete system reset. This design choice has profound implications for system stability and performance, creating an illusion of rest while preserving the very issues that accumulate over time.

The Fast Startup Deception: A State of Hybrid Hibernation

In Windows 10 and Windows 11, the default "Shut Down" option does not perform a full, traditional shutdown. Instead, it utilizes a feature called "Fast Startup".1 This process is effectively a hybrid hibernation. When a user shuts down the computer, the system closes all user applications and logs the user off, but it then saves the core operating system kernel and loaded drivers into a hibernation file ( hiberfil.sys) on the primary storage drive.2 When the computer is next powered on, it does not go through the full, cold boot process of initializing hardware and loading the kernel and drivers from scratch. Instead, it simply loads the saved hibernation file back into RAM, resuming the kernel's previous session.1 This dramatically shortens the perceived boot time. However, the critical consequence is that any latent issues within the kernel session—minor driver glitches, kernel-level memory leaks, or other state-related instabilities—are preserved across these shutdown cycles.2 The "Uptime" counter, visible in the Performance tab of the Windows Task Manager, reveals this reality; it is not reset by a Fast Startup shutdown and will continue to count the days and hours that the core OS has been continuously running without a true reset.2 The only standard user actions that reset this counter and perform a complete shutdown are selecting "Restart" or holding the Shift key while clicking "Shut Down".4 This design choice creates a fundamental conflict between user convenience and long-term system hygiene. The feature is engineered to enhance the user experience by providing faster boot times, a key metric for user satisfaction. Yet, this convenience is achieved by circumventing the very process—a full reboot—that is essential for purging the accumulated software errors that degrade performance. The user believes they are giving their system a fresh start each day, but in reality, they are merely putting the core of the operating system to sleep, carrying the "digital baggage" of the previous session into the next. Over time, these minor, preserved issues can compound, leading to the very slowdowns and instability that a proper reboot is designed to fix.

A Taxonomy of Power States: Understanding the ACPI Standard

To fully grasp the nuances of modern power management, it is essential to understand the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) standard, which defines a series of system power states. These states offer a gradient of power consumption and resumption speed, and clarifying their functions reveals why a "Restart" is functionally unique.5 Working State (S0): This is the normal, fully operational state where the CPU is executing instructions and all components are active. Sleep State (S3 - Standby): This is a low-power state where the CPU is powered off, but the system's current session, including all open applications and data, is maintained in volatile RAM. Because RAM requires continuous power to retain its contents, the system still draws a small amount of electricity. Resumption from S3 is very fast, typically taking only a few seconds, as the system simply needs to power the components back on and resume from the state held in memory.5 Hibernate State (S4): This is a zero-power state (relative to S3) that offers greater power savings. In the S4 state, the entire contents of RAM are written to a non-volatile storage file on the hard drive or SSD. The system then powers down completely, drawing no power. When the computer is turned back on, it reads this file from the disk and loads it back into RAM, restoring the system to the exact state it was in before hibernation. Resumption is slower than from S3 sleep but is still typically faster than a full boot, and it preserves the user's session.5 Fast Startup in Windows is essentially a partial implementation of this S4 state, applied only to the kernel session. Shutdown State (S5 - Soft Off): This is the conventional "off" state. In a true S5 shutdown, all applications are closed, the operating system is terminated, and all hardware components are powered down completely. The system consumes almost no power. Upon the next startup, the computer must perform a full boot sequence from the beginning.7 With Fast Startup enabled, the "Shut Down" command does not lead to a true S5 state for the OS kernel. The following table provides a clear comparison of these states, highlighting their distinct characteristics and intended use cases. Feature Restart (Full Reboot) Shutdown (Fast Startup OFF) Shutdown (Fast Startup ON) Hibernate (S4) Sleep (S3) Power Consumption Full Power (during process) None (or minimal) None (or minimal) None (or minimal) Low Resumption Speed Slowest Slow Fast Medium Near-Instant RAM State Cleared and Reloaded Cleared Cleared (User Session) Saved to Disk, then Cleared Preserved (Requires Power) Kernel/Driver State Reloaded from Scratch N/A (Off) Saved to Disk, then Reloaded Saved to Disk, then Reloaded Preserved Primary Use Case Troubleshooting, Updates, System Refresh Long-term Power-off, Hardware Maintenance Daily Shutdown (Default) Extended Absence without Power Short Breaks, Quick Resume

The Primacy of the Reboot: The Only True "Reset"

As illustrated by the differences in power states, a full "Restart" is the only standard, user-initiated action that forces the operating system to completely discard its current running state. A restart terminates every process, unloads every driver from memory, flushes the entirety of volatile RAM, and then initiates a clean boot sequence, reloading the operating system kernel and all necessary services from the storage drive.1 This process is the definitive method for clearing the accumulated software entropy that will be detailed in the next section. It serves as the system's only true "refresh," effectively resetting the software environment to a known, clean state and resolving a vast array of performance and stability issues that develop over prolonged uptime.6

Section 2: Software Entropy: The Slow Decline of System Responsiveness

Leaving a computer running for days or weeks often leads to a subjective feeling of sluggishness. Applications may take longer to open, the user interface may become less responsive, and unexplained glitches may appear. This degradation is not a result of the hardware "tiring" but is a direct consequence of software entropy—the gradual accumulation of logical errors and resource allocation inefficiencies within the operating system's active state. This "state pollution" manifests primarily through three mechanisms: memory leaks, RAM fragmentation, and the proliferation of zombie processes.

The Slow Poison of Memory Leaks

A memory leak is a specific and common type of programming error that occurs when an application requests and is allocated a block of RAM by the operating system but fails to release that memory back to the system when it is no longer needed.8 A well-behaved application follows a cycle of allocating memory, using it, and then freeing it. An application with a memory leak breaks this cycle, continuously acquiring new memory without releasing the old. Over a long period of continuous operation, even a small leak in a background process or a frequently used application can have a significant cumulative effect. The leaking application's memory footprint will grow relentlessly, consuming an ever-increasing portion of the system's available physical RAM.4 As the pool of free RAM dwindles, the operating system's memory manager is forced to compensate by more aggressively using virtual memory. It begins swapping less-used "pages" of memory from the fast RAM to a dedicated space on the much slower storage drive (SSD or HDD) known as the page file or swap space.4 This process, called paging or swapping, is the direct cause of the performance degradation users experience. When the system needs to access data that has been swapped to the disk, it must first write a different page from RAM to the disk to make room, then read the required page from the disk back into RAM. These disk I/O operations are orders of magnitude slower than accessing RAM directly. The result is system-wide stuttering, long pauses when switching between applications, and a general feeling of unresponsiveness.4 The only way to reclaim the memory lost to a leak is to terminate the offending process, which is most reliably accomplished by restarting the application or, more definitively, rebooting the entire system.8

RAM Fragmentation: A Death by a Thousand Cuts

Distinct from a memory leak, where memory is lost, memory fragmentation is a condition where memory becomes unusable. It occurs when the available free memory is broken up into many small, non-contiguous blocks scattered throughout the address space, rather than existing as large, continuous chunks.8 This is a natural consequence of a dynamic computing environment. As applications launch, operate, and close, they constantly request and release blocks of RAM of varying sizes. Over time, this process leaves a memory map that resembles a block of Swiss cheese, filled with small, empty "holes" between allocated blocks.11 The critical issue is that while the total amount of free memory reported by the system may be substantial, there may be no single contiguous block large enough to satisfy a new request from an application that needs a large amount of memory at once, such as a video editor or a game loading assets.8 The consequence of severe fragmentation is functionally identical to that of a memory leak: the operating system cannot fulfill a memory allocation request from physical RAM. It is once again forced to rely on the slow page file on the disk, leading to the same performance-killing swapping behavior.8 This problem is particularly insidious because standard system monitoring tools will show a healthy amount of "free" RAM, creating a confusing situation where the system is slow and unresponsive despite appearing to have ample resources. The memory is free, but it is not usable in the form required. Like a memory leak, the only effective way to resolve a heavily fragmented memory space is to perform a full system reboot, which clears the RAM entirely and allows the operating system to start with a clean, contiguous memory map.

The Ghost in the Machine: Zombie Processes and System Clutter

In UNIX-like operating systems, which include macOS, Linux, and others, a unique form of system clutter can accumulate over time in the form of zombie processes. A zombie, also identified as a <defunct> process, is a process that has completed its execution but still retains an entry in the kernel's process table.12 This state occurs when a child process terminates, but its parent process has not yet read its exit status via the wait() system call. The operating system keeps the child's process table entry so the parent can access this information. A well-behaved parent process "reaps" its children promptly, and the process table entry is cleared. However, if the parent process is poorly coded or has crashed, it may fail to do so, leaving the child process in a zombie state indefinitely.14 A single zombie process is harmless. It consumes no CPU time and no memory beyond its small entry in the process table.13 The danger arises from the potential for a large-scale accumulation. The process table, which stores an entry for every active process on the system, is a finite resource. Each process is assigned a unique Process ID (PID), and there is an upper limit to the number of PIDs the system can manage.15 If a buggy parent process spawns thousands of child processes and fails to reap them, it can eventually fill the entire process table with zombies. When this happens, the operating system is unable to create any new processes because there are no available PIDs. This would prevent any new applications from launching and could even freeze the entire system, requiring a hard reset.13 While this is an extreme scenario, the gradual accumulation of zombies from buggy software contributes to the overall "state pollution" of a long-running system. These software-level issues—leaks, fragmentation, and zombies—collectively demonstrate that performance degradation over time is not a single problem but a multifaceted decay of the system's running state. A fresh reboot provides a clean, orderly state. Continuous operation allows this state to become progressively polluted with logical errors, resource allocation inefficiencies, and orphaned data structures. A reboot is therefore not just a form of "rest"; it is an essential act of "deep cleaning" that restores the software environment to its pristine, optimal condition.

Section 3: The Physical Toll of Uninterrupted Operation: Hardware Degradation

While software-related performance issues are reversible with a reboot, the physical stress of continuous, uninterrupted operation inflicts a different kind of damage—one that is cumulative, irreversible, and ultimately shortens the lifespan of the hardware itself. This section transitions from the logical world of the operating system to the physical world of electronics, examining how the constant flow of electricity and the heat it generates physically wear down a computer's components at a microscopic level.

Heat as the Universal Catalyst for Decay

The fundamental principle governing hardware degradation is thermodynamics. Every component in a computer, from the CPU to the power supply, generates heat as a byproduct of electrical resistance. When a computer is running, it is in a constant battle against this heat. Continuous 24/7 operation means this battle never ceases, subjecting the entire system to a relentless thermal load.16 Modern CPUs and GPUs are equipped with sophisticated self-preservation mechanisms to manage this thermal load. When a processor's internal temperature, monitored by on-die sensors, exceeds a predefined safe threshold (typically in the range of 85°C to 95°C), it initiates a process called thermal throttling. The processor automatically reduces its operating frequency (clock speed) and voltage to decrease power consumption and, consequently, heat production.16 This is a direct and observable cause of performance degradation during prolonged, heavy workloads. While thermal throttling is a crucial safety feature that prevents immediate catastrophic failure, its frequent activation is a clear indicator of an inadequate cooling system and signifies that the component is being subjected to sustained, high levels of thermal stress.

The Physics of Failure: A Microscopic View of Component Aging

Sustained heat does more than just cause temporary performance throttling; it acts as a catalyst that accelerates the physical and chemical processes of decay within electronic components. The relationship between temperature and the rate of these degradation reactions is often exponential, a principle captured by the Arrhenius equation. This formula, originating from physical chemistry, provides a powerful model for predicting the lifespan of electronic components.17 It is often simplified into a widely used rule of thumb in reliability engineering: for many common failure mechanisms in electronics, every 10°C increase in the average operating temperature can reduce the component's lifespan by half.17 This principle underscores why continuous operation, which maintains components at elevated temperatures without the chance to cool to ambient levels, fundamentally shortens a computer's life. This accelerated aging manifests differently in various components: Semiconductor Fatigue (CPU & GPU) and Electromigration: The primary long-term failure mechanism for complex integrated circuits like CPUs and GPUs is electromigration. This is the physical process by which the tiny metal interconnects (the microscopic "wires" connecting transistors on the chip) are gradually displaced by the momentum transfer from the constant flow of electrons—an "electron wind".5 Over thousands of hours of operation at elevated temperatures and high current densities, this atomic migration can create voids in the conductor, leading to an open circuit, or cause atoms to pile up elsewhere, creating a hillock that can cause a short circuit.22 Either outcome results in calculation errors, system instability, and eventual, permanent failure of the processor. Higher temperatures dramatically accelerate this process, as described by the Arrhenius equation.23 Solid-State Drive (SSD) Wear: Unlike traditional hard drives, SSDs have no moving parts. Their lifespan is determined by the endurance of their NAND flash memory cells. Each cell can only withstand a finite number of program/erase (P/E) cycles before the insulating oxide layer degrades and the cell can no longer reliably store data.25 An always-on computer subjects its SSD to a continuous stream of background write operations, including OS logging, application caches, temporary files, and virtual memory swapping.26 These writes steadily consume the drive's finite P/E cycles. While modern SSDs employ sophisticated wear-leveling algorithms to distribute these writes evenly across all memory cells, a system running 24/7 will exhaust its rated Total Bytes Written (TBW) endurance far more quickly than a system used for a typical 8-hour day.27 Furthermore, high temperatures have a detrimental effect on SSDs by accelerating the rate at which flash cells lose their charge, thus reducing data retention time, especially when the drive is unpowered.29 Motherboard and Power Supply Unit (PSU) Failure: Capacitor Aging: Capacitors are essential components on motherboards and in PSUs, responsible for smoothing and stabilizing the flow of power to all other parts of the system. Traditional electrolytic capacitors contain a liquid electrolyte that can dry out over thousands of hours of operation, a process that is greatly accelerated by heat.30 As the electrolyte evaporates, the capacitor's electrical properties degrade, leading to an inability to provide clean power. This can manifest as system instability, random crashes, and eventually, a complete failure to boot. While modern motherboards increasingly use solid capacitors, which lack a liquid electrolyte and are far more durable, they are still subject to age-related degradation that is hastened by sustained thermal stress.30 The table below, derived from manufacturer data, starkly illustrates the exponential impact of temperature on capacitor lifespan. Operating Temperature Electrolytic Capacitor Lifespan (Hours) Solid Capacitor Lifespan (Hours) Lifespan Multiplier (Solid vs. Electrolytic) 95°C 4,000 6,324 1.6x 85°C 8,000 20,000 2.5x 75°C 16,000 63,245 4.0x 65°C 32,000 200,000 6.3x

This data clearly demonstrates that even a modest decrease in operating temperature can lead to a dramatic increase in component longevity. Continuous operation prevents components from cooling to ambient temperatures, effectively locking them into a state of accelerated aging. This means that leaving a computer on 24/7 is not a benign state of rest; it is an active process of accelerated physical decay. The difference in wear between a machine used 8 hours a day and one used 24 hours a day is not merely a linear factor of three, but a potentially exponential difference due to the non-linear effects of sustained temperature on the rate of physical degradation.

Environmental and External Threats

An always-on computer is perpetually connected to the electrical grid, making it vulnerable to power anomalies. Power surges, which are brief but intense spikes in voltage often caused by lightning strikes, utility grid switching, or faulty wiring, can inflict instantaneous and catastrophic damage on sensitive electronic components.32 A surge can overwhelm the delicate circuitry in a power supply, motherboard, or any connected peripheral, leading to permanent failure. While a basic surge protector can offer a degree of protection against minor surges, only a high-quality Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) can provide comprehensive protection. A UPS not only guards against surges but also conditions the power and provides a battery backup, allowing for a safe, orderly shutdown during a complete power outage, thus protecting both hardware from electrical shock and software from data corruption.

Section 4: Synthesis and Recommendations: A Regimen for System Longevity

The preceding analysis has established a clear distinction between the reversible degradation of a computer's software environment and the irreversible aging of its physical hardware. Synthesizing these findings allows for the formulation of a practical regimen that balances the modern user's need for convenience with the long-term requirements for system performance, stability, and longevity.

The Reboot Regimen: Preserving Software Health

To combat the effects of software entropy—the accumulation of memory leaks, RAM fragmentation, and other logical clutter—a disciplined approach to system resets is necessary. The Weekly Restart: For the vast majority of users, a full restart at least once per week is the most effective and crucial maintenance action. This is the only way to guarantee that the operating system's kernel is reloaded cleanly, all volatile memory is flushed, and any lingering software glitches or resource leaks are purged.6 This simple act is the primary defense against the gradual slowdowns that characterize a long-running system. Daily Power Management: Sleep Mode (S3): For short breaks during the day, such as a lunch hour or a meeting, Sleep mode is the ideal choice. It consumes very little power while preserving the user's entire session in RAM, allowing for a near-instantaneous resumption of work.6 Hibernate (S4) or Full Shutdown: For longer periods of inactivity, such as overnight or over a weekend, Hibernation or a full Shutdown is preferable. Both options save the system state (Hibernate) or close it down completely (Shutdown) while consuming virtually no power, allowing the hardware components to cool to ambient temperature and reducing the cumulative thermal and electrical stress.7 To ensure a true shutdown that clears the kernel session, users concerned with maximum hygiene can disable the "Fast Startup" feature in Windows' power settings or hold the Shift key while clicking "Shut Down".1

Hardware Health and Environmental Control: Mitigating Physical Decay

Preventing the accelerated physical aging of hardware components is primarily a matter of managing the two key environmental stressors: heat and electrical instability. Thermal Management: As demonstrated by the Arrhenius principle, temperature is the single most significant factor influencing the lifespan of electronic components. Proactive thermal management is therefore critical. This includes: Ensuring Proper Ventilation: The computer case should be placed in a location with adequate airflow, not in a confined cabinet or directly against a wall, to allow cooling fans to function effectively.16 Regular Cleaning: Dust is a thermal insulator. Periodically cleaning dust from internal components, especially fan blades, heatsinks, and air intakes, is essential for maintaining cooling efficiency.34 Temperature Monitoring: Users should utilize software tools to monitor CPU and GPU temperatures, especially under heavy load. Sustained temperatures exceeding 85°C indicate a potential cooling issue that needs to be addressed to prevent long-term damage.16 Power Protection: To safeguard against the unpredictable nature of the electrical grid, robust power protection is a wise investment. Surge Protector: At a minimum, all computer equipment should be plugged into a quality surge protector, not directly into a wall outlet.32 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): For critical systems, or for any user in an area with unreliable power, a UPS is strongly recommended. It provides superior surge protection and conditions the incoming power, while also offering a battery backup that prevents data loss and hardware damage from sudden outages.32

Software Hygiene for the Power User

Beyond system-wide reboots, advanced users can take further steps to maintain a clean software environment and reduce unnecessary hardware wear. Monitor for Memory Leaks: Using tools like the Windows Task Manager or macOS Activity Monitor, users can observe the memory usage of processes over time. An application whose memory consumption steadily increases without ever decreasing during idle periods is a likely candidate for a memory leak and should be restarted periodically.4 Minimize Background Writes: To extend the life of an SSD, users can take steps to reduce unnecessary background write operations. This can include disabling file indexing on the SSD, moving temporary file locations to a secondary mechanical hard drive if available, and curating the list of applications that run automatically at startup to eliminate non-essential processes.26

Conclusion: Balancing Convenience and Longevity

The analogy of a computer to a human proves apt in its conclusion: a machine, like a person, requires different forms of rest to maintain both short-term acuity and long-term health. The analysis reveals a clear duality in how computers degrade over time. Software performance suffers from "cognitive fatigue"—a pollution of its running state with logical errors and resource inefficiencies. This condition is cumulative but entirely reversible. A periodic, full reboot acts as a complete mental reset, clearing this accumulated clutter and restoring the system to its optimal, responsive state. Conversely, the hardware's lifespan is governed by "physical exhaustion"—an irreversible process of decay driven by the relentless physical stresses of heat and electricity. This aging process is not linear; it is an exponential function of temperature. Continuous operation, by preventing components from cooling, is an active state of accelerated aging that physically shortens the life of the machine. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy for system longevity must address both aspects. Sleep mode is a brief nap, perfectly suited for the short pauses in a workday. A full Shutdown or Hibernate is a night's sleep, allowing the hardware to cool and rest, conserving energy and reducing wear. But the periodic Reboot is the most critical regimen of all; it is the system's vacation—a complete reset that purges the accumulated "mental stress" of software entropy. The modern convenience of an always-on, instantly available machine comes with the hidden, long-term cost of accelerated aging. By understanding the distinct mechanisms of software and hardware degradation, a user can implement a simple and effective regimen of restarts and shutdowns, ensuring their machine runs not only faster today but also reliably for years to come. 참고 자료 Why is my windows uptime 3+ days, I shutdown everyday, and right now I only just turned it on. - Reddit, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.reddit.com/r/Windows11/comments/183aisd/why_is_my_windows_uptime_3_days_i_shutdown/ Windows Shutdown Issues: Reset Uptime & Optimize Performance! - YouTube, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.youtube.com/shorts/vegv1KQZxP4 PCs reporting sessions to be long despite users shutting them down every day and hybrid sleep disabled. - Microsoft Q&A, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/1527125/pcs-reporting-sessions-to-be-long-despite-users-sh My computer has been "on" for 64 days. Is that a bad thing? - Reddit, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.reddit.com/r/computers/comments/1bh97pf/my_computer_has_been_on_for_64_days_is_that_a_bad/ System Sleeping States - Windows drivers | Microsoft Learn, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/kernel/system-sleeping-states Restart vs. Shut-Down vs. Sleep for Windows - Vanderbilt University, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://tdx.vanderbilt.edu/TDClient/33/Portal/KB/ArticleDet?ID=95 Hibernate, Sleep, or Shut Down. What Should I Use? - WUSTL Information Technology, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://it.wustl.edu/2022/08/hibernate-sleep-or-shut-down-what-should-i-use/ Memory issues. - ExtendSim, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://extendsim.com/faq-troubleshooting/987-faqtroubleshootingmemory Memory-leaking programs - IBM, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.3.0?topic=performance-memory-leaking-programs Memory Fragmentation, your worst nightmare | Software Verify, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.softwareverify.com/blog/memory-fragmentation-your-worst-nightmare/ What is memory fragmentation? - c++ - Stack Overflow, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3770457/what-is-memory-fragmentation en.wikipedia.org, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process#:~:text=Under%20normal%20system%20operation%2C%20zombies,table%20entry%2C%20their%20process%20ID. Zombie Processes and their Prevention - GeeksforGeeks, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/operating-systems/zombie-processes-prevention/ process - What are zombie processes? - Ask Ubuntu, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://askubuntu.com/questions/48624/what-are-zombie-processes Killing zombies, Linux style - Red Hat, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/killing-zombies-linux-style How temperature affects computer performance and lifespan. | by ..., 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://scotcomp.medium.com/how-temperature-affects-computer-performance-and-lifespan-691c0e410cd2 The Relationship Between Temperature & Reliability - Relec Electronics, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.relec.co.uk/the-relationship-between-temperature-reliability/ Arrhenius equation - Wikipedia, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_equation Does a 10°C Increase in Temperature Really Reduce the Life of Electronics by Half?, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.electronics-cooling.com/2017/08/10c-increase-temperature-really-reduce-life-electronics-half/ How Electromigration Modeling Predicts IC Interconnect Lifespan - Patsnap Eureka, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://eureka.patsnap.com/article/how-electromigration-modeling-predicts-ic-interconnect-lifespan Electromigration - Wikipedia, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromigration Electromigration and IC Reliability Risk - Design with Calibre, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/calibre/2016/01/19/electromigration-and-ic-reliability-risk/ What is Electromigration? – How Does It Work? | Synopsys, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.synopsys.com/glossary/what-is-electromigration.html TPS62366x thermal and device lifetime information - Texas Instruments, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/slva525 What is the Lifespan of a Solid State Drive? - Secure Data Recovery Services, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/lifespan-solid-state-drive Extend Your SSD Lifespan with These Simple Tips - Value Smart Trading Limited, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://vstl.info/extend-the-lifespan-ssd/ How to estimate an SSD's working life - The Eclectic Light Company, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://eclecticlight.co/2022/12/05/how-to-estimate-an-ssds-working-life/ Should I be concerned about 65% Wearout on SSD? : r/Proxmox - Reddit, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.reddit.com/r/Proxmox/comments/1050dhs/should_i_be_concerned_about_65_wearout_on_ssd/ The impact of temperature on the lifespan of an SSD - Digitec, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.digitec.ch/en/page/the-impact-of-temperature-on-the-lifespan-of-an-ssd-12008 -- GIGABYTE --Geeks Column of the Week - All Solid Capacitor, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.gigabyte.com/webpage/8/article_02_all_solid.htm Capacitor plague - Wikipedia, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague The Hidden Dangers of Power Surges: Protect Your Electronics Now! - Enersol Electrical, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://enersolelectrical.com.au/blog/power-surges-threats-electronics Should You Shut Down Your Computer Every Night? 8 Considerations - Panda Security, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.pandasecurity.com/en/mediacenter/should-you-shut-down-computer-night/ How to do a CPU Stress Test on Your PC or Mac - Avast, 8월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://www.avast.com/c-cpu-stress-test