A Physicist's Perspective on the Paranormal Hypothesis: Deconstructing the Ghost Hypothesis Through Fundamental Laws

Introduction

This report aims to systematically analyze the hypothetical entity known as a 'ghost,' examining its purported characteristics against the established principles of physics, neuroscience, and the philosophy of science. The objective of this inquiry is not to prove or disprove the existence of ghosts but to identify the profound and numerous contradictions inherent in the hypothesis itself. To this end, we will first construct an operational model of a 'ghost' based on folklore and popular culture, and then subject this model to the rigorous scrutiny of fundamental scientific laws.

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Part 1: Constructing the Hypothetical Entity - The Folkloric Ghost Model

1.1. Defining the Subject of Analysis: A Synthesis of Cross-Cultural Attributes

To establish a 'ghost' model that can serve as a basis for analysis, it is necessary to synthesize the common characteristics described across various cultural folklore and myths. This model is not intended to define all forms of ghosts but to set up a representative concept for scientific examination.

• Key Attributes:
  • Immateriality: Generally depicted as transparent or translucent, lacking a solid body, and capable of passing through physical obstacles.1
  • Human Form and Identity: Often retains the appearance and personality of a deceased person, frequently bound by unresolved issues such as vengeance or love for those left behind.1
  • Sensory Perception: Can be perceived by human senses of sight and hearing, suggesting an interaction with light (photons) and sound (acoustic waves).
  • Physical Interaction (Poltergeist Phenomena): Capable of directly affecting the physical world, such as moving objects or opening doors.3
  • Place-Bound Nature (Spirit of Place): Appears to be tied to a specific location (a house, a cemetery, etc.) or object.1
  • Supernatural Abilities: May possess powers that transcend human capabilities, such as shapeshifting or precognition.6

1.2. The Inherent Paradox: The Duality of Immateriality and Physical Interaction

Synthesizing these attributes reveals a core logical contradiction that underpins nearly all subsequent analysis. The folkloric ghost model must simultaneously satisfy two physically mutually exclusive states.

• State A (Immaterial Being): To be transparent and pass through walls, it must not interact with the electromagnetic force that governs the structure of matter. It must also be massless to avoid significant gravitational interaction.
• State B (Physical Being): To be visible, make sounds, move objects, or remain on Earth, it must interact with fundamental forces such as electromagnetism (for light and matter interaction), the strong/weak nuclear forces (to maintain a stable structure), and gravity (to be bound to the planet).

This core paradox—the necessity of being a 'selectively physical' entity—is the fundamental reason for its conflict with established scientific laws. In truth, the concept of a ghost is less a physical hypothesis and more a psychological construct. It reflects humanity's contradictory desires for the afterlife: we wish for the dead to be free from the limitations of the flesh (the ability to pass through walls), yet we also want them to remain near us, communicating and influencing our world (the ability to be seen, heard, and move objects). This set of abilities is physically incompatible; one requires ignoring the fundamental forces, while the other requires their masterful manipulation. Ultimately, the ghost of folklore is not a product of physics but a creation of the human psyche, a projection of irreconcilable hopes and fears, and the internal contradictions of this concept are the ultimate source of the violations of physical law explored in this report.

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Part 2: Collision with the Pillars of Classical Mechanics

2.1. Mass, Force, and Newton's Laws of Motion: Analyzing Poltergeist Phenomena

The question, "How can a massless ghost exert force?" can be systematically analyzed through Newton's Laws of Motion.

• Newton's Second Law (F=ma): This law specifies that force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration.7
  • Analysis: For a ghost to move an object (e.g., a book), it must impart acceleration to the stationary object, which implies the application of a force. If the ghost's mass is zero (m=0), then no matter how much acceleration it attempts to induce, the resulting force (F=0×a) will always be zero. Therefore, to move a physical object, a ghost must either have mass or be able to manipulate something that does.
• Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.7
  • Analysis: If a ghost exerts an 'action' by pushing a book off a shelf, the book must simultaneously exert a 'reaction' of equal magnitude in the opposite direction on the ghost. The common depiction of a ghost that can affect the world but remains unaffected by it violates this fundamental symmetry of interaction. If a ghost can push you, you must be able to push the ghost. Unilateral interaction is physically impossible.

2.2. The Law of Conservation of Momentum

This law states that in an isolated system with no external forces, the total momentum (mass × velocity) remains constant.10

• Analysis of Poltergeist Phenomena 3:
  When a ghost throws an object across a room, it imparts momentum to that object. To conserve the total momentum of the system (ghost + object), the ghost itself must undergo a corresponding change in momentum in the opposite direction.
  • If the ghost has mass, it should be pushed backward, like a person who has thrown a heavy ball.
  • If the ghost is massless, it cannot have momentum in the first place, making the entire interaction a violation of the conservation of momentum. The momentum of the thrown object would have literally been created from nothing.

This analysis shows that the concept of a ghost doesn't just violate physical laws, but creates a more severe logical problem: the 'selective application' of laws. For instance, the book thrown by the ghost faithfully obeys Newton's laws (it has mass, is accelerated by a force, and follows a parabolic trajectory due to gravity). However, the source of that force, the ghost, is exempt from those very same laws (it has no mass to generate the force and experiences no reaction). This would require the universe to have two contradictory sets of laws: one for 'normal matter' and a separate set for 'ghost matter' that applies only at the moment of interaction. This is a far more profound problem than a single violation; it entails the collapse of the 'Principle of Universality' itself—the idea that the laws of physics apply equally to everything, everywhere, and at all times.

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Part 3: Thermodynamic Impossibilities

3.1. The First Law - Conservation of Energy: The Ghost as a Perpetual Motion Machine

The First Law of Thermodynamics is another expression of the law of conservation of energy, stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.12

• Analysis: Every action a ghost performs—appearing visually, making a sound, moving an object, or even thinking (if it is conscious)—requires energy.
  • Where does this energy come from? The folkloric model provides no energy source. Ghosts do not eat, photosynthesize, or plug into an outlet. Their ability to act implies either an infinite energy source or the creation of energy from nothing, which corresponds to a 'perpetual motion machine of the first kind.'13
  • Some propose that ghosts create 'cold spots' by absorbing thermal energy from their surroundings. However, the amount of thermal energy required to, for example, throw a chair across a room would be immense, necessitating a dramatic and easily measurable localized drop in temperature far exceeding the slight chill reported in anecdotes.

3.2. The Second Law - The Irreversible Increase of Entropy

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy (disorder) of an isolated system can never decrease over time.14 Complex, ordered systems tend to break down into simpler, more disordered states as time passes.

• Brian Cox's Critique 14:
  A ghost is a highly complex and ordered system, maintaining memories, identity, and a specific form. According to the Second Law, such an information-rich structure should dissipate over time, its energy reaching equilibrium with its surroundings and becoming indistinguishable from background heat.
  • For a ghost to persist for years or centuries, it must actively resist this tendency toward entropy. In the biological world, organisms do this by consuming energy (food) to maintain their structure.
  • A ghost, existing without an apparent energy source, violates the Second Law. It is a system that stubbornly maintains low entropy while the universe trends toward high entropy.
• The Silence of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC): As Brian Cox has argued, if some form of energy or matter existed that could constitute a ghost and allow it to persist without dissipation, it would have to interact with normal matter in some way to be perceptible to us.14 The LHC is designed to discover all fundamental particles and forces. The fact that it has not discovered an 'ectoplasmic' substance or a 'spiritual' energy field capable of sustaining a ghost is strong evidence that no such substance exists.

The most profound violation of thermodynamic law is not just about energy, but about 'information.' A ghost's consciousness and memories are a form of stored information. The Second Law is deeply connected to information theory, where entropy can be seen as the absence of information. A living brain stores information in a physical substrate (neurons, synapses) and requires a constant input of energy (metabolism) to maintain this structure against thermal noise and decay—that is, to fight entropy. A ghost, as a disembodied consciousness, would be a packet of pure information without a physical substrate. According to Landauer's principle in physics, the act of erasing information releases a minimum amount of heat. Conversely, creating and maintaining an ordered state of information in a noisy universe requires energy. A ghost, therefore, existing stably as an information-based being without an energy source to maintain its memories, directly violates the physical nature of information itself. It is not just a perpetual motion machine, but a 'perpetual information machine.'

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Part 4: The Problem of a Fixed Position in a Dynamic Universe

4.1. The Error of the Horizontal Coordinate System: The Paradox of the 'Bound Ghost'

This section addresses the question, made famous by an internet meme, of how a ghost can be 'tied' to a specific location.5

• The Earth's Motion: A 'haunted house' is not a fixed point in space. It is on a planet that is moving:
  • Rotating on its axis (up to ~460 m/s)
  • Orbiting the Sun (~30 km/s)
  • Orbiting the center of the Milky Way (~220 km/s)
  • Moving through the universe with our galaxy
• Analysis: For a ghost to remain in that house, it cannot be fixed at an absolute point in the universe. It must be moving with the Earth. To move with the Earth, it must be constantly accelerated, primarily by Earth's gravity.

4.2. The Four Fundamental Forces: A Systematic Exclusion

So how can a ghost be 'tethered' to the Earth? This would require it to interact via one of the four fundamental forces.

• Gravity: If a ghost is affected by gravity, it must have mass (or energy, per E=mc2). If it has mass, it should not be able to pass through the floor. Furthermore, if it only interacts gravitationally, it would not be stopped by the electromagnetic repulsion of the atoms making up the floor and would fall continuously through the planet toward its core.5
• Electromagnetism: This force governs the structure of matter. If a ghost interacts electromagnetically, it would be solid. It could stand on the floor, but it could not pass through walls. It would also reflect light and be visible.
• Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces: These are short-range forces confined within the atomic nucleus and are irrelevant to the problem of planetary tethering.
• Conclusion: There is no known physical mechanism that would allow an entity to be bound to the Earth, an accelerating frame of reference, while simultaneously not obeying the physical laws that govern the matter within that frame of reference. The concept of a place-bound ghost is fundamentally untenable.

The paradox of the 'place-bound ghost' reveals our deeply ingrained, pre-Copernican intuition about space. We instinctively tend to think of a 'place' as absolute and static, not as a relative and dynamic coordinate on a moving platform. We project this intuitive but incorrect physical model onto the ghost, imagining the 'haunted house' as a fixed stage in the cosmos. The paradox arises when we shift from this intuitive framework to the physically correct heliocentric or galactocentric one. The 'stage' is, in fact, a spaceship hurtling through the void. The ghost's ability to remain on the ship without being tethered by a known force or being part of the physical crew is the core problem. This thought experiment forces us to confront the non-intuitive nature of reality as described by physics and how much of our folklore is built upon a simpler but incorrect view of the universe.

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Part 5: The Enigma of Sensory Perception

5.1. The Physics of Sight and Sound

To answer the question, "If a ghost is immaterial, how can it be seen and heard?" we must understand the physical principles of sensation.

• Visual Perception: To see an object means that photons from that object have reached our eyes. This can happen in three ways:
  1. Emission: The ghost emits photons itself, like a lightbulb. This would require a massive energy source (violating thermodynamic laws).
  2. Reflection: The ghost reflects ambient photons, like a person or a wall. This requires a surface made of particles that can interact with photons, which by definition means the ghost is physical and opaque.
  3. Occlusion: The ghost blocks photons from a light source behind it, creating a silhouette. This also requires the ghost to be physical and opaque.
  • A truly immaterial and transparent being should be invisible, as photons would pass right through it unimpeded.
• Auditory Perception: Sound is a pressure wave that propagates through a medium, such as air.17
  • Analysis: To create a sound—a whisper, a footstep, a scream—a ghost must physically push air molecules to create vibrations. This requires a physical surface and the expenditure of energy to do work on the air. An immaterial being cannot interact with air and therefore cannot make a sound. Phenomena like 'beats' or interference further clarify that sound is a physical wave phenomenon.18

5.2. A Brief Foray into Speculative Physics and Immaterial Interaction

Could there be an explanation beyond classical physics?

• Quantum Mechanics: Often invoked as a solution, quantum mechanics does not provide a simple loophole. Quantum effects like the uncertainty principle 21 are governed by strict mathematical laws and apply primarily at the subatomic level. They do not permit a macroscopic entity to selectively obey classical laws.
• Holographic Universe / David Bohm's Theories 22:
  These are highly speculative and philosophical interpretations of physics. While they propose a deeper dimension of reality where everything is interconnected, they do not provide a testable mechanism for how a disembodied consciousness could manipulate photons or air molecules in our reality.
• Mass-Energy Equivalence (E=mc2) 23:
  This principle shows that matter is a form of condensed energy, but it does not solve the problem. Whether a ghost is 'pure energy' or 'matter,' it must still obey conservation laws and interact via the fundamental forces to be perceived. Calling it 'energy' merely rephrases the problem, it does not solve it.

A common misunderstanding of the 'observer effect' in quantum mechanics is that 'observation' is an act of consciousness. In physics, however, 'observation' or 'measurement' means a physical interaction. This distinction is crucial. Popular culture sometimes misinterprets the quantum observer effect to mean that consciousness itself can alter reality, presenting it as a potential mechanism for a ghost to be perceived. But in physics, an 'observation' is any interaction that extracts information from a system, such as a photon striking an electron—a physical process, not a mental one. For a human to 'observe' a ghost, a physical interaction must still occur: a particle (e.g., a photon) must travel from the ghost to the observer's eye. Appealing to quantum mechanics, therefore, does not remove the need for physical interaction but rather reinforces it, leaving the problem of the interaction mechanism unsolved.

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Part 6: Alternative Hypothesis - The Ghost in the Machine (The Human Brain)

6.1. The Brain as a Reality Generator: Patternicity and Agenticity

This section explores the hypothesis that encounters with ghosts are not external phenomena but internal neurological and psychological events.

• Patternicity: The tendency to find meaningful patterns in meaningless noise. Psychologist Michael Shermer argues this is a key evolutionary trait.24 A rustle in the leaves could be a predator, so it is safer for survival to assume a pattern (an agent) than to dismiss it as random noise. This can lead to interpreting the creaks of a house or a vague shadow as a sign of a presence.
• Agenticity: The tendency to infuse the patterns we find with intention and agency. After seeing a 'face' in the clouds, we tend to ascribe emotions or intent to it. This explains why an unexplained cold spot is interpreted not as a simple draft, but as the 'eerie presence' of an entity.2

6.2. Neurological and Environmental Triggers

Many subjective paranormal experiences can be linked to known neurological and environmental factors.

• The Temporal Lobe: It has been shown that stimulating the brain's temporal lobes, either through epileptic seizures or external magnetic fields, can induce a 'sensed presence'—the overwhelming feeling that someone else is in the room.25 This aligns with reports of 'haunted' locations where anomalous electromagnetic fields have been measured.14
• Infrasound: Very low-frequency sound below 20 Hz, inaudible to the human ear, can be generated by wind, distant machinery, or geological activity. Exposure to infrasound has been shown to cause feelings of anxiety, dread, and chills, along with visual distortions due to the vibration of the eyeball.14 This could account for the general sense of unease and fleeting visual anomalies reported in 'haunted' places.
• Cognitive Biases and Déjà Vu: Our brains are not perfect recording devices. Phenomena like déjà vu are understood not as evidence of past lives or precognition, but as minor neurological 'glitches' related to memory processing in the hippocampus.26 Confirmation bias also plays a significant role. Once you believe a place is haunted, you are more likely to interpret ambiguous stimuli as evidence confirming that belief.24

When considering these alternative explanations, the principle of parsimony, known as Occam's Razor, becomes important. This principle states that when faced with two competing explanations, the simpler one is usually better. The 'ghost hypothesis' requires us to invent new forms of energy, overturn multiple fundamental laws of physics, and assume the existence of disembodied consciousness. The 'neuropsychological hypothesis,' on the other hand, requires only the already-known fallibility of the human brain and its documented responses to environmental stimuli. The ghost hypothesis posits that an unknown entity selectively violates the laws of thermodynamics, mechanics, and relativity to make a floorboard creak. The neuropsychological hypothesis posits that a tired, anxious person in a dark, unfamiliar house misinterprets the normal physical phenomenon of a house settling as the footstep of an intruder (agenticity), a conclusion amplified by cognitive bias and low-frequency sound from a nearby appliance. The latter hypothesis relies entirely on well-documented, existing principles of psychology and physics, while the former requires rewriting the entire rulebook of science. Occam's Razor, therefore, does not disprove ghosts, but it strongly favors the neuropsychological explanation as the far more rational and evidence-based conclusion.

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Part 7: The Philosophical Barrier - Why Science Fundamentally Cannot Answer This Question

7.1. Karl Popper and the Demarcation Problem: Science vs. Pseudoscience

The ultimate question, "Can science ever prove or disprove ghosts?" is answered by the philosophy of science, particularly Karl Popper's criterion of 'falsifiability.'27

• Falsifiability: Popper argued that for a theory to be scientific, it must be possible to conceive of an experiment or observation that could prove it wrong.29 For example, the theory "All swans are white" is scientific because it can be falsified by the discovery of a single black swan.31

7.2. The Unfalsifiable Hypothesis

The 'ghost hypothesis' is a classic example of an unfalsifiable claim.

• Analysis:
  • If an experiment designed to detect ghosts finds nothing, a believer can always say, "The ghosts don't show up under lab conditions," or "They chose not to reveal themselves," or "Our equipment isn't sensitive to their form of energy."
  • There is no conceivable negative result that a believer would have to accept as proof that the hypothesis is wrong. The hypothesis can be endlessly modified with ad-hoc clauses to protect itself from any counter-evidence.29
  • Because it cannot be falsified, the existence of ghosts is not a scientific question. It is a matter of faith, falling into the same epistemological category as the existence of God or the soul—metaphysics.

The problem of falsifiability reveals the boundaries and limitations of the scientific method. Science is a powerful tool for investigating the natural, repeatable, and testable world. It is not designed, nor is it able, to answer questions that are inherently supernatural, unique, or untestable. The scientific method relies on creating hypotheses that make specific, testable predictions. The ghost hypothesis makes no such predictions. It is a post-hoc explanatory hypothesis, used to explain an event after it has happened: "That noise was a ghost." It does not predict, "At 9 PM, the ghost will lower the temperature by 5 degrees." This shows that the conflict is not just between ghosts and the laws of physics, but between the very concept of a ghost and the process of science. To conclude that science cannot prove or disprove ghosts is, therefore, not a failure of science, but a recognition of its proper domain. The question is fundamentally unscientific, so science must remain silent on the ultimate answer, while at the same time being able to rigorously critique the physical claims made by its proponents.

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Conclusion: A Synthesis of Contradictions

This report has systematically analyzed how the hypothetical entity of a ghost conflicts with numerous laws that form the bedrock of modern science. From the basic tenets of classical mechanics to thermodynamics, relativity, and the physics of sensory perception, the folkloric ghost model consistently reveals logical contradictions and physical impossibilities.

The table below summarizes the core analyses of this report.

Ghostly Attribute (Hypothesis)	Key Violated Principle(s)	Explanation of Conflict
Moving Objects (Poltergeist)	Newton's 2nd & 3rd Laws; Conservation of Momentum	Exerting a force (F=ma) requires mass. Unilateral action without an equal reaction is impossible. Momentum cannot be created from nothing.
Being Tied to a Location (Bound Ghost)	Law of Gravitation; Special & General Relativity	Cannot remain fixed on a planet moving at ~30 km/s in an accelerating reference frame without interacting with gravity.
Persistent Existence & Manifestation	1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics (Energy & Entropy)	All activity requires an energy source (1st Law). A complex, information-rich system must decay into disorder without energy input to resist entropy (2nd Law).
Visual/Auditory Perception	Electromagnetism; Wave Mechanics	Sight requires the emission, reflection, or blocking of photons. Sound requires the physical displacement of medium particles. An immaterial being cannot perform these interactions.
Immateriality (Passing through walls)	Pauli Exclusion Principle; Electromagnetism	The solidity of matter is due to electromagnetic repulsion between electron shells. Bypassing this means ignoring a fundamental force, which would make all other physical interactions impossible.
Conscious Thought & Memory	Information Theory; Thermodynamics	Information is physical. Storing and processing it (memory, thought) requires an ordered, low-entropy physical substrate and a constant energy supply to fight decay.

In conclusion, while subjective experiences are real and valid to the individual, objective evidence and the principle of Occam's Razor overwhelmingly favor the neuropsychological hypothesis. The thought experiment of the ghost paradoxically becomes a powerful tool for understanding the very laws it purports to violate. By asking why a ghost as described cannot exist, we gain a deeper appreciation for the elegant, interconnected, and universal nature of the physical laws that govern our reality. The ghost remains a fascinating cultural artifact and a mirror to our own psychology, but as a physical proposition, it collapses under the weight of its own contradictions.

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27. www.skkuw.com, 9월 5, 2025에 액세스, http://www.skkuw.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=20932#:~:text=%EC%B9%BC%20%ED%8F%AC%ED%8D%BC%20%EB%8C%80%20%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%BF%A4,%EB%B0%98%EC%98%81%ED%95%98%EC%A7%80%20%EC%95%8A%EC%95%98%EB%8B%A4%EB%8A%94%20%EC%A0%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4.
28. 반증 가능성 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전, 9월 5, 2025에 액세스, https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%A6%9D_%EA%B0%80%EB%8A%A5%EC%84%B1
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